What is an example of 'Ad Hominem' reasoning?

'Ad Hominem' reasoning occurs when the argument attacks a person's character or attributes rather than addressing the topic at hand. The example of a statement calling someone a "paranoid conspiracy theorist" exemplifies this fallacy because it dismisses the individual's argument by targeting their credibility or mental state, rather than discussing the merits of their viewpoint or the evidence they possess. This redirection to personal characteristics overlooks the actual argument, which is a hallmark of Ad Hominem reasoning.

In contrast, the other choices present statements that either express uncertainty about a claim (the second option), provide a specific numerical estimate (the third), or assert a need for a military system (the fourth). These options focus on the subject matter without attacking an individual’s character, making them irrelevant to the concept of Ad Hominem reasoning.