What is an example of a tactic that mischaracterizes opponents by exaggerating their views?

The correct answer, which identifies a tactic that mischaracterizes opponents by exaggerating their views, is the straw man. This term refers to a specific argumentative technique in which one party creates a distorted or oversimplified version of an opponent's argument, making it easier to attack or refute. By doing this, the person using the straw man approach is not addressing the actual views or arguments of their opponent, but rather a misrepresentation that is typically exaggerated. This tactic is often employed to undermine the opponent’s position without engaging with the complexities or nuances of their actual stance.

In contrast, the other choices involve different methods of argumentation or persuasion that do not necessarily focus on distorting an opponent’s views. For example, lying about their stance directly misrepresents what the opponent believes but does not necessarily exaggerate it; rather, it crafts a false narrative. Refuting minor details may weaken an argument, but it does not involve exaggerating the overall position. Using testimonials can be a persuasive technique but is unrelated to the mischaracterization of an opponent's views. Thus, the straw man effectively illustrates the tactic of exaggeration in mischaracterizing an opponent's argument.